====== CPU Manuals ======

===== INTEL Manuals =====

The Intel Corporation provides many useful documents on the

[[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html|Pentium 4 Processor Technical Documentation page]]. 

Especially useful for helping you to understand the machine dependent
code of MINIX 3 on an IBM-PC compatible machine will be the
Manuals
section.  As of October 2016 the following manuals are available as PDF files
(read with Adobe Acrobat or Ghostview):

  * Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual
  * Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Documentation Changes
  * Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 1: Basic Architecture
  * Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D: Instruction Set Reference, A-Z
  * Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D: System Programming Guide

These are all downloadable as PDF files in various combinations (read with Adobe Acrobat or
Ghostview).  A CD-ROM containing the complete set of manuals is no longer available, but official print copies can be ordered from [[http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/IntelSDM|Lulu]].


===== AMD Manuals =====

All AMD processors for IBM-PC have the same IA-32 architecture as Intel
processors.  The differences are in multimedia technology, where AMD
processors have 3DNOW! and other things...  And the next AMD processor
(x86-64) will be different, but still compatible with IA-32.  So, the
Intel docs will also help you understand and program for AMD
processors.  But, AMD provides manuals too -- they are available at the

[[http://developer.amd.com/resources/developer-guides-manuals/|AMD64 Architecture Tech Docs]]

page.  These AMD manuals were available as of October 2016:

  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 1: Application Programming
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System Instructions
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 4: 128-Bit and 256-bit Media Instructions
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 5: 64-Bit Media and x87 Floating-Point Instructions
  * Compiler Usage Guidelines for AMD64 Platforms Application Note
  * Software Optimization Guide for AMD64 Processors

Note that the syntax of the assembly language used in MINIX 3 is different from
Intel's. The MINIX 3 syntax is consistent with assembly languages used by other 
UNIX-derived systems. Other links on the page point to articles describing assembly language syntax.