====== CPU Manuals ======

===== INTEL Manuals =====

The Intel Corporation provides many useful documents on the

[[http://www.intel.com/design/Pentium4/documentation.htm|Pentium 4 Processor Technical Documentation page]]. 

Especially useful for helping you to understand the machine dependent
code of MINIX 3 on an IBM-PC compatible machine will be the
Manuals
section.  As of October 2004 the following manuals are available as PDF files
(read with Adobe Acrobat or Ghostview):

  * IA-32 Intel Architecture Optimization Reference Manual
  * IA-32 Intel Architecture and Intel. Extended Memory 64 Software Developer's Manual Documentation Changes
  * IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 1: Basic Architecture
  * IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M
  * IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 2B: Instruction Set Reference, N-Z
  * IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 3: System Programming Guide
  * The Software Optimization Cookbook

These are all downloadable as PDF files (read with Adobe Acrobat or
Ghostview).  A CD-ROM containing the complete set of manuals can also
be ordered from Intel. 


===== AMD Manuals =====

All AMD processors for IBM-PC have the same IA-32 architecture as Intel
processors.  The differences are in multimedia technology, where AMD
processors have 3DNOW! and other things...  And the next AMD processor
(x86-64) will be different, but still compatible with IA-32.  So, the
Intel docs will also help you understand and program for AMD
processors.  But, AMD provides manuals too -- they are available at the

[[http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/DevelopWithAMD/0,,30_2252_875_7044,00.html|AMD64 Architecture Tech Docs]]

page.  These AMD manuals were available as of October 2004:

  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 1: Application Programming
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System Instructions
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 4: 128-Bit Media Instructions
  * AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 5: 64-Bit Media and x87 Floating-Point Instructions

Note that the syntax of the assembly language used in MINIX 3 is different from
Intel's. The MINIX 3 syntax is consistent with assembly languages used by other 
UNIX-derived systems. Other links on the page point to articles describing assembly language syntax.